The idea of “planning” a gift to charity may not spring as readily to mind as investment or retirement planning. Yet there are many ways to give, and many kinds of gifts to consider, especially when your philanthropic impulse is strong.

Initial steps
Of course, the very first step in your planning is to identify the object of your philanthropy. Then consider what you intend your gift to accomplish: how you would like your gift to make a difference both in general and specific terms. At this point you probably will make contact with the director of development at your chosen charitable organization to discuss your gift
With the procedural steps out of the way, creativity begins. How can you shape your gift? For instance, your gift need not be cash. You may own certain assets that you may want to donate, and your charity will be more than glad to receive. And, of course, however you make use of your resources, you’ll want to fashion the gift in such a way that you can take maximum advantage of all available tax deductions.

Gifts of property
Generally, you are entitled to a federal income tax deduction for your gifts to charity. There’s a tax bonus when you make a gift of a long-term capital asset that has appreciated in value during the time that you owned it.
Here’s how it works: You plan a substantial gift and are considering selling some securities that you have owned for years and which have grown significantly as the means to fund the gift. You’ll pay a long-term capital gain on the sale and then can pay what’s left over to your charity. If you make a gift of the securities themselves, you will pay no capital gain. The charity can sell the securities without incurring any tax. You also will be entitled to an income tax deduction for the fair market value of the gift of securities.
A more creative approach is to make a gift of personal property, such as a work of art or valuable collectibles. You can deduct the current market value of a gift of appreciated personal property, but there are two caveats: One, if the contributed property is related to the exempt purpose of the organization—rare books to a library, for instance—the full deduction is available. However, if the property is unrelated to the charity’s purpose—the books to a hospital to sell and use the proceeds—your deduction is limited to the property’s cost basis. Two, although you may make deductible cash donations equal to up to 50% of your adjusted gross income (AGI), the limitation on gifts of appreciated property is only 30% of AGI.

Gifts of real estate
For some people a gift of a parcel of land for many years and that has appreciated significantly in value may be an especially attractive possibility.
As with other appreciated property, you will have the opportunity to take an income tax deduction for your charitable contribution equal to 100% of the property’s fair market value, which, if you have held the property for some time, may be substantial. In addition, you pay no capital gain on the past appreciation. An added bonus: You are reducing your taxable estate by the value of your gift.
If you would rather take a “wait-and-see” approach, you can fashion the real estate gift as a bequest in your will. Although you receive no current income tax deduction, your estate receives a full deduction for the real estate’s fair market value at your death.

Gifts of insurance
Do you have an existing insurance policy that you no longer need? That often happens when there’s insurance on the life of a business owner and the business is sold; or income replacement insurance is in force after retirement.
Why not consider making a gift of that policy instead of the cash donation that you were planning? As long as all of the rights of ownership are completely transferred to the charity, you receive a current income tax deduction equal to the lesser of your cost basis or the fair market value of the policy (roughly equal to the cash surrender value).
There are other ways to tailor a charitable gift of life insurance. For instance, if you have named your spouse as beneficiary, you might name a charity as successor beneficiary in the event that your spouse predeceases you. Although there are no immediate tax benefits, if your spouse does predecease you, and no successor beneficiary is named, the policy’s proceeds would be included in your estate. Or if your named beneficiary no longer needs the insurance protection—adult children—for example, you may change the beneficiary designation and name your charity. Your estate then would receive a charitable deduction for the proceeds paid to the charity.
An extremely cost-efficient approach is to allow your charity to purchase a policy on your life. Every year you give the charity a tax-deductible amount equal to the annual premium payment. At your death the proceeds are paid to the charity. With this approach you can make a relatively large gift at a very reasonable cost.

Gifts in trust
Fashioning your gift in trust adds a great deal of flexibility to your gift giving.
There are many ways to establish your trust. For example, you may set up your trust during your lifetime or through provisions in your will. You can arrange for the trust to provide you with income from the trust for your life, or income for someone whom you name in the trust document. You can provide for the gift of income to yourself or the named beneficiary or beneficiaries for a period of time, followed by a transfer to the charity (a charitable remainder annuity, or unitrust); or the reverse—a gift of income to the charity followed by a transfer of assets to the named beneficiary (a charitable lead trust).
You may fund your trust with cash, or be more creative by using the aforementioned appreciated securities, real estate, or life insurance policy. When your donation is placed in the trust, you receive an income tax deduction for the charitable part of the gift. Usually, somewhere between one-fifth to one-half of the value of the property will be deductible, depending on several factors—the age(s) of the trust’s income beneficiary or beneficiaries and the size of the income payments that the creator of the trust chooses.
An “income-only” charitable remainder unitrust should be considered if retirement is still several years away, and you already are taking maximum advantage of your tax-deferred retirement plans. In a nutshell, this kind of trust permits your trustee to invest the trust’s assets for long-term growth until you retire and need income from the trust.
____________

You’ll need to cross all the “t’s” and dot all the “i’s” in order to reap all the possible tax benefits from a charitable gift in trust. Be sure to confer with your attorney, trust consultant and the charity itself when considering any of these creative ways of giving.

© 2014 M.A. Co. All rights reserved.
Any developments occurring after January 1, 2014, are not reflected in this article.

Married, never married, widowed, divorced—each of us has unique needs when it comes to how and to whom we make our bequests. Here, in a brief discussion, are a few checkpoints people who are on their own may find helpful in developing an estate planning strategy.

Review your will regularly
The passage of time and changes in personal circumstances, or in your investment, business or real estate holdings, as well as in the economy and the law, all may wreak havoc with your will and the ways that you have decided to transfer your assets.
Remember, too, that not all of your assets pass by way of your will. Property held jointly with a right of survivorship passes outside your will. Retirement plan benefits and life insurance will be paid to whomever you named on a beneficiary designation form. Make it a point to review your designations regularly. Often there are circumstances—a beneficiary’s death is one example—that may require you to make a change.

Establish a program of gifts
If you have substantial assets, consider making “annual exclusion” gifts. You can make gifts of up to $14,000 in 2014 to as many people as you wish, gift tax free. Why? The gifted cash or property, no longer part of your estate, cannot be taxed at your death. And you will be able to enjoy seeing the results of your generosity. However, the gifts must be of a “present interest”—the person receiving the gift must be able to use the money or property now, not just at some later time.
The tuition and medical expense exclusions allow you to help out family members or friends with these expenses without gift tax consequences. If it’s tuition, be sure to make the payments directly to the school, not the attendee. There is no cap on how much you may give, tax free. Similarly, you can defray someone’s medical expenses if you make the payments to the health care provider. These amounts are nontaxable without limitation as well. (Amounts reimbursed by insurance are not eligible for this exclusion.)

Plan your charitable gifts
Be sure to consult your advisors if you will be making a substantial gift to charity. You’ll want to fashion your gift to take maximum advantage of the tax breaks available. The charitable bequests that you make in your will won’t be subject to estate tax. But there are more tax benefits that may be available by taking an organized approach to philanthropy.
For example, if appreciated securities are sold to fund a charitable gift, you will realize long-term capital gain, and there will be tax to pay. When you donate the securities directly to the charity, and the charity sells the shares, no tax will be due.
By setting up a charitable remainder trust, you can make a substantial gift and reserve income payments from the trust for your life. (If you set up the trust in your will, you may name someone to receive the income.) And you will be able to treat part of your gift as an immediate charitable deduction. A charitable lead trust works in reverse: The charity receives the payments for a specified number of years; then the remainder passes to the beneficiaries that you have designated.

Make sure someone can “step in”
Consider naming someone to take control of your financial life if a disabling illness or injury occurs. With a durable power of attorney, you delegate the duties and responsibilities as outlined in the durable power document.
In theory, a durable power should work for you as long as you remain disabled. Unfortunately, sometimes third parties will refuse to honor an apparently valid durable power of attorney simply because some time has passed since the power was created.
A living trust may offer more comprehensive financial protection and security. You can create the trust now but continue to control the assets that you place in the trust. The trustee takes over investment management and other important financial decisions only if and when you become disabled. The trustee that you name will act only as you have directed in the trust agreement. The trustee’s responsibilities may be as far-reaching as managing your investment portfolio or as routine as paying your household bills while you are incapacitated.
Without executing a durable power or a living trust, court proceedings may be necessary in order to name a guardian to manage your finances. The process can be time consuming and often costly, and the proceedings are public, there for anyone to scrutinize.

Have a medical emergency plan in place
Closely allied to questions of financial decisions in the event of incapacity are questions of medical treatment decisions. An advance medical directive allows you to exercise control over your medical care in the event that you cannot make decisions yourself.
A living will lets you express your wishes regarding your care should you be in a terminal condition and, generally, deals with questions concerning what life-sustaining treatments (if any) should be undertaken. With a durable power of attorney for health care, you delegate someone to make major health care decisions for you, based upon your directions.

Obtain a second opinion
Estate planning, in at least one respect, may be more difficult for a single person than a married couple—you face some difficult decisions alone. Family and friends may be helpful, but it’s especially important as well to gather together a professional, trustworthy team of advisors. They can provide the benefit of a reliable second opinion, when you need it.
We would be pleased to serve on your estate planning team.

© 2014 M.A. Co. All rights reserved.
Any developments occurring after January 1, 2014, are not reflected in this article.

Recent developments in New York and Florida have placed a spotlight on a new phenomenon, the predatory marriage to a terminally ill person shortly before the person’s death in order to gain access to the person’s wealth. This is not the Anna Nicole Smith situation, a May-December marriage with money as an obvious object. Rather, these really are sham marriages. The New York Court of Appeals ruled last year on two such marriages. In these cases men with dementia were wedded to their caregivers. The marriages were declared void, because the men didn’t have the capacity to know what they were doing. Florida last year enacted a law granting heirs the legal standing to challenge a marriage on the grounds of fraud or undue influence.

The point isn’t to discourage weddings among the elderly, but to alter the traditional property consequences associated with marriage. In most states a marriage may upend an estate, because surviving spouses have rights superior to other heirs. In many states no one but the parties to the marriage may challenge the legitimacy of marital status. There are documented cases of caregivers marrying their charges and concealing the information from the family until the day of the funeral, when it may have been too late for the children to intervene.

Heirs don’t have easy solutions in preventing these situations. A durable power of attorney for financial matters may prove helpful. One common suggestion is to have all the adult children required to consent to any financial transactions in excess of a stated large dollar amount. Another approach is to employ a trust for asset management. If the trust is irrevocable, the assets may be immune to claims by a later purported spouse. Up to $5.34 million may be placed into an irrevocable trust in 2014 without the need to pay federal gift taxes.

A final strategy may be rather distasteful, and used only as a last resort. One may go to court to have a parent declared incompetent and, thus, without the capacity to enter into another marriage.
When it comes to caring for elderly parents, nothing should be taken for granted.

© 2014 M.A. Co. All rights reserved.
Any developments occurring after January 1, 2014, are not reflected in this article.

One big piece of news from that American Taxpayer Relief Act was that the vast majority of Americans have been permanently excused from worrying about federal estate taxes. The permanent $5 million estate tax exclusion, indexed for inflation ($5.34 million in 2014), should limit the impact of federal estate taxes to a few thousand estates per year. But that does not mean people should become complacent about their estate planning.

Business owners and professionals with practices provide especially vivid examples of the continuing importance of estate planning. Leaving aside the question of whether the business or practice is valuable enough to enter the federal estate tax zone, there are four other major objectives for a business owner’s estate plan.

Control and ownership. One normally doesn’t want to be in business with one’s partners’ family members. A buy-sell agreement is needed to provide an orderly plan for successor management.

Family members. There can be problems among heirs if some members of a family are active in a business and others are not. Those who are not active probably should not be given a voice in management, even if they will have a financial interest in the business. An estate plan may need to address equalizing inheritances in a way that won’t impair the business’ value or manageability.

Probate avoidance. No one wants to have his or her business mired in the probate process. Imagine that you can’t cash royalty checks, or sell a building, because you need to wait to have a personal representative appointed and the statutory period for creditors to make claims to pass. Even worse, in formal probate, no distribution of assets can occur without a court order. Imagine that a professional business valuation to the tune of $10,000 must be obtained to legally claim the value of the business with the court. A trust, buy-sell agreement, transfer-on-death shares, or a combination thereof, will avoid the costly delays and court requirements of probate

State death taxes. Most states have eliminated their estate and/or inheritance taxes. Those that still have them typically have “decoupled” from the federal tax guidelines, and they impose their taxes at death on much smaller estates, in the area of $1 million. If you live in one of those states, or own property in one, you still may have some tax planning to do.

If you haven’t seen your estate planning advisors this year, make an appointment soon. Now that the federal estate tax law is settled, you can develop a durable plan for your family’s financial future.

© 2014 M.A. Co. All rights reserved.
Any developments occurring after January 1, 2014, are not reflected in this article.